Transposable elements in Phyllostachys pubescens (Poaceae) genome survey sequences and the full-length cDNA sequences, and their association with simple-sequence repeats.

Phyllostachys pubescens is a woody bamboo with the highest ecological, economic, and cultural values of all bamboos in Asia. There is more genomic data available for P. pubescens than for any other bamboo species, including 2.12-Mb genome survey sequences (GSS) and 11.4-Mb full-length cDNA sequences (FL-cDNAs) currently deposited in GenBank. Analysis of these sequences revealed that transposable elements (TEs) are abundant, diverse and polyphyletic in the P. pubescens genome, of which Ty3-gypsy and Ty1-copia are the two most abundant families. Phylogenic analysis showed that both elements probably arose before the Bambusoideae separated from the other Poaceae subfamilies. We found evidence that the distribution of some intragenic TEs correlated with transcript profiles, of which Mutator elements preferred to insert in the transcripts of transcription factors. Additionally, we found that the abundance of SSRs in TEs (4.56%) was significantly higher than in GSS (0.098%) and in FL-cDNAs (2.60%) in P. pubescens genome, and TA/AT and CT/AG repeats were found to be intimately associated with En/Spm and Mutator elements, respectively. Our data provide a glimpse of the structure and evolution of P. pubescens genome, although large-scale sequencing of the genome would be required to fully understand the architecture of the P. pubescens genome.